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What (who) is ectopic systole - definition
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![JET in a 2-month-old girl following cardiac surgery. In this case the [[right bundle branch block]] was present during tachycardia and during normal sinus rhythm.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/PMC6092634 Valdes 2018 JET ECG.jpg?width=200 "JET in a 2-month-old girl following cardiac surgery. In this case the [[right bundle branch block]] was present during tachycardia and during normal sinus rhythm.")
![Algorithm]] of the management of a pregnancy of unknown location, that is, a positive pregnancy test but no pregnancy is found on [[transvaginal ultrasonography]].<ref name=kirk2013/> If serum hCG at 0 hours is more than 1000 IU/L and there is no history suggestive of complete miscarriage, the ultrasonography should be repeated as soon as possible.<ref name=kirk2013/>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Algorithm in pregnancy of unknown location.svg?width=200 "Algorithm]] of the management of a pregnancy of unknown location, that is, a positive pregnancy test but no pregnancy is found on [[transvaginal ultrasonography]].<ref name=kirk2013/> If serum hCG at 0 hours is more than 1000 IU/L and there is no history suggestive of complete miscarriage, the ultrasonography should be repeated as soon as possible.<ref name=kirk2013/>")
![Left fallopian tube with an ectopic pregnancy in a 25-year-old woman after a [[salpingectomy]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/EUG 2.png?width=200 "Left fallopian tube with an ectopic pregnancy in a 25-year-old woman after a [[salpingectomy]]")
![Blood in [[Morrison's pouch]] between the liver and kidney due to a ruptured ectopic pregnancy](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/FluidMorisonsPouchEctop.PNG?width=200 "Blood in [[Morrison's pouch]] between the liver and kidney due to a ruptured ectopic pregnancy")
![[[Chorionic villus]] on [[histopathological examination]] of a tubal pregnancy](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Histopathology of tubal pregnancy.jpg?width=200 "[[Chorionic villus]] on [[histopathological examination]] of a tubal pregnancy")
![[[Transvaginal ultrasonography]] of an ectopic pregnancy, showing the field of view in the following image](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Schematic figure of vaginal ultrasonography in ectopic pregnancy.svg?width=200 "[[Transvaginal ultrasonography]] of an ectopic pregnancy, showing the field of view in the following image")
![intrauterine device (IUD) with progestogen]], whose cross-section is visible in the field, leaving an ultrasound shadow distally to it.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Blob sign of ectopic pregnancy.png?width=200 "intrauterine device (IUD) with progestogen]], whose cross-section is visible in the field, leaving an ultrasound shadow distally to it.")
![Ultrasound image showing an ectopic pregnancy where a [[gestational sac]] and fetus has been formed](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ectopicleftmass.PNG?width=200 "Ultrasound image showing an ectopic pregnancy where a [[gestational sac]] and fetus has been formed")
![A [[Wiggers diagram]], showing various events during systole (here primarily displayed as ''ventricular systole'', or ''ventricular contraction''). The very short interval (about 0.03 second) of isovolumetric, or fixed-volume, contraction begins (see upper left) at the R peak of the QRS complex on the electrocardiogram graph-line. + Ejection phase begins immediately after isovolumetric contraction—ventricular volume (red graph-line) begins to decrease as ventricular pressure (light blue graph-line) continues to increase; then pressure drops as it enters diastole.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Wiggers Diagram.svg?width=200 "A [[Wiggers diagram]], showing various events during systole (here primarily displayed as ''ventricular systole'', or ''ventricular contraction''). The very short interval (about 0.03 second) of isovolumetric, or fixed-volume, contraction begins (see upper left) at the R peak of the QRS complex on the electrocardiogram graph-line. + Ejection phase begins immediately after isovolumetric contraction—ventricular volume (red graph-line) begins to decrease as ventricular pressure (light blue graph-line) continues to increase; then pressure drops as it enters diastole.")
Wikipedia
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Ectopic beat is a disturbance of the cardiac rhythm frequently related to the electrical conduction system of the heart, in which beats arise from fibers or group of fibers outside the region in the heart muscle ordinarily responsible for impulse formation (i.e., the sinoatrial node). An ectopic beat can be further classified as either a premature ventricular contraction (PVC), or a premature atrial contraction (PAC).
Some patients describe this experience as a "flip" or a "jolt" in the chest, or a "heart hiccup", while others report dropped or missed beats. Ectopic beats are more common during periods of psychological stress, exercise or debility; they may also be triggered by consumption of some food like carbohydrates, strong cheese, or chocolate.
It is a form of cardiac arrhythmia in which ectopic foci within either ventricular or atrial myocardium, or from finer branches of the electric transduction system, cause additional beats of the heart. Some medications may worsen the phenomenon.
Ectopic beats are considered normal and are not indicative of cardiac pathology. Ectopic beats often remain undetected and occur as part of minor errors in the heart conduction system. They are rarely indicative of cardiac pathology, although may occur more frequently or be more noticeable in those with existing cardiac abnormalities. Ectopic beats are a type of cardiac arrhythmias, which is a variety of cardiac abnormalities relating to rate or rhythm of the cardiac cycle.
Ectopic beats may become more frequent during anxiety, panic attack, and the fight-or-flight response due to the increase in sympathetic nervous activity or due to parasympathetic failure, stimulating either more frequent or more vigorous contractions and increasing stroke volume. The consumption of nicotine, alcohol, epinephrine and caffeine may also increase the incidence of ectopic beats, due to their influence on the action of cardiomyocytes.
